I had a bit of computer problems lately, my oldest computer did not allow me to enter the BIOS and as such I could not tell from what hard disk to boot and that was the end of the motherboard in that old computer. It was my last Windows XP computer and looking at the latest Windows 7, 10 or 11 stuff there is not that much progress. Windows OS systems become more and more a fashion thing because most of it is outdeveloped and hard to improve upon… But lets go to this small post about the long title above: total angular momentum.

To put it simple: In an atom or molecule with unpaired electrons in it physics people often think of the spin of the unpaired electrons as vectors that get projected against the vertical direction if a magnetic field is applied. Those projections are treated as scalars and as you might have guessed it is either +1/2 or -1/2. (Here I leave the constant of Planck out for simplicity.)

Ok my version of magnetism is that electrons are magnetic monopoles so they have either a north pole charge or a south pole magnetic charge. Adding these up works just like adding up the electrical charges in an atom or a molecule; because after the humble opinion of your servant electron magnetism looks just like electron electricity: permanent and monopole.
So that is all to know, basically it is very simple once you have seen a few times what they do and mean with that “Total angular momentum in the x-direction” because that sounds so complicated. But all in all the calculations they do are just like adding up monopole magnetic charges so they were on the right track more or less a long time ago.
This post is four pictures and for me that is a bit hard because I always made the backgrounds on the computer that broke down. And that old graphics program can’t run on Windows 7 or higher while modern graphics programs like GIMP just don’t have the features to make such a background in a few clicks. Of course a long time ago this doomsday day was foreseen and I saved a lot of backgrounds as png files. So I opened that folder and what? It’s fucking empty…:(
Well lets go to the pictures:

The most hilaric picture is the fourth one where two electrons with opposite spins are in different energy levels in an atom or molecule. And if you want your electron spin as a vector, how the hell should you get opposite pointing vectors while the electrons are in different parts of the atom or molecule? That is very weird behavior and as such it always goes unexplained to the extend it is never mentioned as a problem. Just like all that other stuff that is wrong with electron magnetism as you view them as tiny magnets and not as magnetic monopoles.

Well thanks for your attention and see you in another post.

This is a 56 year old documentary about the machine depicted below and imitates the original Stern-Gerlach experiment in many ways. Now in the year 1967 (I became 4 years old that year) you could also have used any television they had in those long lost years and split the electron beam with a magnetic field like I once did.
It is all done beautiful, there is even an oven to vaporise the metal, in this case cesium. All these decades the explanation of the result of this experiment has not changed: Everything is explained by tiny magnets that align or anti-align with the applied magnetic field. And, just like at present day, the anti-alignment is not explained at all. How can that happen in the first place and how can it be stable?
From five screenshots I made four pictures and after that I will link to the video that has a length of about 25 minutes.

In the next picture you see the oven, I did not know you could vaporise metal so easily.

Professor Jerrold R. Zacharias is going to do some explanation of how this all is supposed to work and as such you see the well known iron filings and a magnetic field made by these two coils you see below.

As usual a lot of the explanation is swiped under the carpet (just like in 2023) and at the bottom of the picture you see that magnet being alligned or anti-aligned with the magnetic field. But why does that piece of cardboard hang from four lines or four thin ropes? What would happen if he just glued two of the lines at the north and south pole of the magnet? In that case it would be very very hard to get an anti-alignment of the bar magnet with the magnetic field. Just as impossible as balancing a pencil on it’s top for say a few minutes of time. But the physics professors just never talk about stuff like that, it is only “The standard model of particles physics is so amazingly correct” and more of that nonsense. Well I agree that if you swipe all this stuff under the carpet it all looks tidy..

The cesium used has atomic number 55 and a mass of say 133 atomic units. If here just like in the original SG experiment it is only one unpaired electron that causes the effects observed, in that case the electron moves a mass about 250 thousand it’s own electron mass.
On top of that, the electron is very tiny and it is supposed that a magnetic field with a gradient can give a force on the electron. In my opinion that is where fantasyland begins. Viewing electrons as magnetic monopoles removes a lot of what so hard is to understand, like the anti-alignment thing.

As picture number four you see the results of different field strengths of the magnetic field, it is a lovely old fashioned machine.

Here is the video:

The video is only posted on Youtube about 9 months ago, that is why I missed it in the past. After all you don’t go out every month looking for the lastest video about the SG experiment!
Let me end this post with a comical note. For a picture on the other website I combined an idea about electron spin with that old painting known as “The Scream”. Here it is:

That was it for this post. May be it is time to do some math again, now it looks as if I only discuss video’s. Thanks for your attention.

This stuff is supposed to work on 12 of those qubits also known as silicon qubits. Anyway these are loose electrons, so one electron per qubit. It is well known that if you have a computer, the thing must be possible to flip individual bits and on a quantum computer it must be possible to flip the spin of an electron if you want to use that as a qubit.
It is no secret that for a couple of years I think electrons are magnetic monopoles and the last time I have arrived at the conclusion that the magnetic charge of the electron is just as permanent as it’s electric charge.
In particular this means that it is just not possible to flip the spin of an individual electron and therefore this whole Intel 12 electron spin thing can never ever work properly. You cannot flip the spin of an individual electron and since their spin is permanent there is also not much possibility that you can bring any pair into entanglement or stuff like that.
A few posts ago I showed you some kind of rule for electron transitions in atomic or molecular orbitals; the only transitions allowed are those without spin flip. That is very interesting and one of the details that validate spin is a permanent monopole magnetic charge and not some kind of tiny magnet or a vector for that matter.
I made the next screenshot from an advertisement from Intel:

So that stuff will never work as I am correct in my view on electron spin (not tiny magnets but magnetic monopoles). The fact that likely the magnetic charge is permanent has all kinds of far reaching consequences, for example in chemistry you now must often have the right kind of electron at the right time for a chemical reaction to occure or proceed. So it is not true that at the last moment the electron will flip it’s spin if that is needed in the chemical reaction (this despite the tiny tiny energy difference if spin flip would be possible), so if a particular electron just isn’t there the chemical reaction will stop or alter or whatever what.
Here is the advertisment video from Intel:

The whole Intel 12 spin qubit thing is explained a bit by some folks from NYU. Likely NYU will stand for New York University. For this kind of video they found in interesting format; you are looking at a group of people while one of them does the most of the talking. That is far less boing as looking at one person sitting in a room. Here is how it looks:

The interesting thing on the social side is that Intel will send one or more of these spin things to the Dutch unversity of Delft. Of course Delft is famous for discovering the Majorana particle, build a quantum computer on that thing that did never exist, collect 40 million or more US$ from Microsoft, had to withdraw the Majorana particle claim and so on and so on. If some weirdo’s (like in Delft) just do not want to listen to my long list of problems with electron spin, they are always allowed to make a bunch of fools of themselves one more time. A long long time ago Britney Spears sang “Baby hit me one more time” and that beautiful song they must sing once more over there at TU Delft. Here is the video:

That was it for this post, it is about time that I start writing an old fashioned math post instead of all these posts around a video. Well thanks for your attention and lets wait for the likely failure of the TU Delft on this small but important detail.

Molecular oxygen has the interesting property that it has a so called non-binding electron pair and it is know that in such a non-binding pair the electrons have the same spin. The way I view it for a couple of years is that the electrons are magnetic monopoles and that explains their behavior, so they don’t have a spin orientation so to say.
There is a relative simple experiment that I can’t do but if you have access to liquid oxygen and have some heavy electric magnets, you can do a simple experiment to see if the individual oxygen molecules behave like magnetic monopoles yes or no.
On Youtube there are plenty of videos showing the magnetic properties of oxygen by pouring the liquid stuff over a strong magnet or better: Pour it in between the two poles of two magnets.
After some time the oxygen will have separated over the two magnetic poles, if you can flip the magnetic polarity with the electric magnet, all oxygen should go loose and try to get to the other pole.
Once you have a setup like this or may be you have only strong permanent magnets, once the oxygen is separated you can try to put some of the liquid into a plastic bag. Let the oxygen become gas and see if the bag as a whole has magnetic monopole properties. That would be funny.

The only experiments I have done myself are those old ones with two televisions and try to that separation in the electron stream. It has to be remarked however that I once almost bought an old oscilloscope because you can let the electron beam go around so it becomes a circle on the glass tube. So that kind of experiment is still waiting…

Back to the oxygen molecule with it’s non-binding electron pair: Once I heard that I thought that likely oxygen must be in a lower energy state this way. May be that having an electron pair that pushes things apart give rise to a lower energy state. As far as I remember I never tried to look up the somehow more fine details.
So the video from the Action Lab came around for free and has all the information I needed. It has even information I was not waiting for like in the next screen shot:

In the next picture I grouped it a bit from four screen shots. And may I thank the folks from the chemical sciences for measuring all that energy stuff?
If the shapes below are correct, you see the molecule with the bonding pair becomes a linear shaped molecule that is clearly very different from triplet oxygen.

The video has the title Singlet Oxygen Is Scary! And yes there is something to say for a classification like that. Here is the video:

The reason as why I like this kind of stuff is that molecular orbitals make chopped meat of all that stuff that looks so sacred. Stuff like the Pauli exclusion principle, or the Aufbau principle and or the Hund rule for placing an extra electron. Stuff like that always assumes that all electrons are the same and it is just a matter of some magnetic vector pointing in this or that direction that solves the thing.
But I think electrons have a monopole magnetic charge that is permanent. So there are two kinds of electrons and that has all kinds of far reaching consequences. Well that is all for some other day.
In the meantime I am going to pop up a second beer, upload this post and after that I will ask the electrons in the beer the following question: Why do electrons never drink beer?
May be it is time to split. Goodbye.

The official version aka the standard model of particle physics says there is only one kind of electron, all electrons are the same, and their magnetic properties like spin are only a matter of alignment cq anti-alignment with the magnetic field. The standar model treats electrons as tiny magnets.
I think that electrons are magnetic monopoles and as such there are two kinds; a north pole and a south pole kind. But can electrons flip their spin? After all a lot of quantum computing is based on the idea that indeed electrons can flip their spin even stronger: the electron can be in a super position of spin un and down.
Over the years I slowly evolved to the position that the magnetic charge of electrons is permanent. And if the magnetic charge is permanent in that case in the electron cloud of an atom or a molecule, al lot of transitions cannot be done. During those transitions the spin of an electron cannot flip simply because it’s charge is just like the electric charge: permanent.

Now I did not know it but inside a lot of chemistry files you can find a thing known as ‘Spin selection rules’ that give a good description of how an electron can jump up and down the diverse orbitals when it comes to it’s spin. You can also find it under ‘Forbidden transitions’ but also stuff like radioactive decay has forbidden transitions.

An important feature of a forbidden jump in electron transitions is that ther assiciated energy can be observed but that is always on a longer timescale. My impression is that the chemical people don’t understand very good as why this is: Well an electron in some atom or molecule can only ‘flip’ it’s spin as it gets replaced by another electron.

Example: The 21 cm radio frequency in radio astronomy. Photons with a wavelength of 21 cm come from atomic hydrogen that undergoes a spin flip to it’s lowest potential energy configuration when it comes to magentism.
But if that can only be done by other electrons bumping into that hydrogen atom, that says something about the electron streams in vacuum from where the 21 cm radiation is coming.

Here a simple picture of what is allowed and what not:

It is very well known inside the science of chemistry that energy states like those singlet and triplet stuff above are very close to each other. So how it is possible that just some thermal shaking or good old molecular vibrations do never flip the spin of an electron?

If all that mumbo jumbo about electrons was true, why can’t some heat or some vibrations make that sole electron flip it’s spin? Do we get that nonsense like “If you think you understand quantum mechancis, in that case you don’t understand quantum mechanics” one more time?

And I admit that too: If you are that stupid to view the electron as a tiny magnet, yes indeed the science of particle physics but also chemistry becomes very hard to understand. It’s loaded with weird stuff all over the place. In chemical bonding the electrons in a pair must always have opposite spins but in permanent magnets the spins must always be aligned.

May be it is time to split my dear reader. See you in the next post.

Over the years I have written about the weird fact that according to the official theory the electron pair is a binding element in chemistry if they have opposite spins. That is very strange because that means the two electrons must be anti-aligned so the binding must happen via a north pole to north pole binding or a south pole to south pole binding.
But if you formulate it that way, instantly everybody understands you are crazy because a magnetic north pole is repelling against another magnetic north pole.
That is why they always talk about the Pauli exclusion principle and that you must use quantum numbers and more of that blah blah blah that is only there to masquerade that the binding is 100% crazy if the official theory upon electron spin was true.
It has to be remarked that if it is true that electrons are tiny magnets (they are not!), in that case it is logical that the binding must be done via equal magnetic charges. So north pole against north pole and the same for the south pole stuff.
Haven’t chemistry professors never heard of the elementary thing about magnetism and electricity: Like charges repel and different charges attrack?

Lets look at electricity first: Suppose you have two metal balls and one is strongly negatively charges so it has a surplus of electrons and the other is very positively charges so it has a deficit of electrons compared to the protons there are in the ball.
It is well known that these two metal balls now feel an attractive force between them. There is even a name for that: These are Coulomb forces. We find this behaviour back on every scale, the smallest example is the most simple atom there is, the hydrogen atom where one proton and one electron behave the same as macroscopic things like metal balls.

Now we look at magnetism: If you have two macroscopic magnets the lowest energy state is when north pole meets south pole. Why is this the lowest energy state? Simply because it costs energy to remove the two magnets. But according to the physics professors and the chemistry professors, in the electron pair the spins are not aligned and as such they are anti aligned.

And nobody remarks this is crazy, on the contrary they rejoice in all that stuff by stating things like “If you think you understand quantum mechanics, you don’t understand quantum mechanics”.

All that weird stuff is based on the idea that magnetic monopoles do not exist and as such even small point like particles must be a tiny magnet. And the idiots fool themselves by believing that the so called magnetic moment of the electron is measured with 12 decimal places exactly. These people are dumb to the bone: they have zero experimental evidence that electrons are tiny magnets while the 12 decimal places thing was done via measuring frequencies. Why do those people get tax payer money for their salaries?

Anyway the simple solution to this all is that electrons are not tiny magnets and as such they are magnetic monopoles. Only in that case we have that in the electron pair the electrons having opposite spin means a south pole to north pole connection.

I have four screen shots before I post the link to the video about computer models of chemical science stuff. So here we go:

It took hundreds and hundreds of years to hammer this out of accepted knowledge: The earth is not the center of the universe. It is ironic that Sir Richard Catlow uses this in his video presentation while later he shows that molecular binding via electron pairs. Richard and his fellow chemistry and physics professors prove every day they are stupid by claiming electrons are tiny magnets…

I am 100% used to the fact my insights are always neglected. So I do not expect that a relative dumb person like Sir Richard Catlow will give some kind of serious answer. He just will keep on doing his weird stuff without a second thought that it is all not very logical. That is why I can say these people are a nutjob to start with.

The video also contains a jewel from long before the electron was discovered: A model for CH4, it is just so cute that some smart folks figured that out so long ago:

Chemistry and physics professors are all nutjobs because they keep on thinking that electrons are tiny magnets. They just are not scientists because they have zero experimental proof for the things they say about electron spin. They always use the Gauss law for magnetism as some kind of proof that magnetic monopoles do not exist, they have zero experimental proof for that all.

Ok, lets go to the video, it is about one hour long:

End of this post, see you in the next one & thanks for your attention if you too think people so stupid should never get such much tax payer money…